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Find The Best Accredited Online University And Improve Your Career Prospects With An Online Degree

admin — Fri, 04 Jun 2010 06:41:29 +0000

There are many universities online, and many of them have unique advantages. With an online university popping up all over the net, it becomes hard to decide which university online school offers the best package for each individual so they can find the top online university.

Online Universities have grown to be a place for many busy individuals who lack time and have family responsibilities to continue their education. Here are a few important tips that you can use when considering your university online.
Accreditation

Almost all education guides will ask you to make sure that the online university of your choice or the online degree program that you are going to enroll on must be accredited by any of the agencies that are accepted by the US Department of Education. In fact, it is the main factor to be considered when you select your university online course.

In simple terms, accreditation is an official evaluation procedure on school programs and policies by one of the agencies that are accepted by the US Department of Education to see if they meet certain criteria. When a school meets the criteria, it is granted accreditation. If your degree is from an accredited online university, your degree will be accepted by most employers, eliminating the risk of unrecognized or fake degrees.

Get university online degrees that Will Look Good In Your Resume.

With so many online universities and online colleges available, you may find it hard to decide which school to choose for your degree. Put yourself in the shoes of the employer for just a minute, a degree from well known state university online like the University of Phoenix and Kaplan University would look far more appealing than a university like the University of Joe Bloggs right?

A degree from a renowned & prestigious online university will make your resume be worth its weight in gold. An applicant from a renowned online university will definitely make an impression on the hiring manager, over a graduate from Joe Bloggs university. Its easy to do some analysis and get some feedback from any of online degree forums about the online to see which is the best known and best acceptable university before you make your decision.

Lab Works Near Your Location

Some university online courses require you to complete a stipulated amount of lab hours work before you can earn your degree. If your busy working schedule will not allow you to travel far, then, you need to consider an online university that has a local facility or agreement with a local institution for you to carry out your lab work.

Credit Transfer

There are many universities online that allow you to transfer your credits earned from your previous degree to save you some credit hours and credit cost. Always check out this information from the admission officer before you enroll into the degree program.

Selecting a university online for your online degree program can be a hard decision: so many options available and too many degree programs. As long as you follow the above guidelines and do your research, you will find university online degrees to suit your needs.

Choosing an accredited online university means you are getting the very best degree.

There have been so many online universities that have started to offer online degrees very recently and more are coming. So the question remains, which university online is trustworthy? The answer is easy: it is trustworthy if only if it’s an accredited online university that has a good quality, venerable reputation.

Accreditation is almost a benchmark given by the US Department of Education. It shows that a University has met academic standards essential to give its students a precise and inclusive education.

So what does that mean for you?

As most students go into an online university to progress their chances for future jobs, accreditation is vital. Many employers look at accreditation as a validation of your degree. A degree by itself is just a piece of paper, but accredited it gives the employer a sense of security, knowing that you have acquired from an online accredited university that has met all the top standards. The second reason it is important is that you are paying for a degree online and you want to make sure that you get all the credit you deserve for all that hard work you put in.

Online universities accredited by the government standard will give you degree programs that other universities who do not offer accredited online university degrees just cant compete with. Having a degree from a nationally accredited online university is like having the president going live on air and saying you can enter the whitehouse anytime you like! Because the university is accredited online you have far more clout and pulling power when you send your resume off to prospective employees.

Now you understand what exactly makes an online university trustworthy, for you to make the most of your investment in your education, you must choose an accredited online university degree program with a good quality reputation. Even though there are many universities out there that have accreditation, at least you have shortlisted your choices down to the most reliable.

Best Online University

admin — Tue, 05 Jan 2010 06:41:46 +0000

One of the most convenient ways to further your education while keeping a job and home is registering for an online degree. With online courses you will have interactive classes via the net, will receive course work online, have an advisor who will guide you 24/7, and you can at your own convenience complete assignments from home.
There are many online universities, and many of them have unique advantages. But which will be the Best Online University for me? With online universities sprouting up everywhere it becomes difficult to determine which schools offer the best package for which individuals. To assist you there we have taken three criteria; marketability, usability, and class quality.
Marketability:

There is little question that among online universities, which university carries the best reputation. Employers consistently regard the students coming out of reputed universities as prepared for the job market and as a result, a degree from a reputed university, more than any other online university, confers marketability. There are hundreds of small universities spread throughout the country which offers very less online programs and as a result they are not that much confers marketability.
Usability:

Students consistently report good experiences with the guided notes of online universities. As it has replaced the tedious classroom chat room and malfunctioning web cams of old. Students like to prefer using online systems which have been perfected for many years.
Class Quality:

Students consistently report quality teaching in every department. There are universities like Phoenix which offers wide array of class choices.
There are many online universities which are reputed. Some of them are University of Phoenix Online, Colorado Online Technical University, Devry Online University, Boston Online University and Kaplan Online University.
University of Phoenix Online:

The University of Phoenix Online is the most widely recognized online university in the world. But beyond job opportunities, Phoenix also excels above most of its competitors with respect to teaching.
Colorado Online Technical University:

Colorado Technical University is suitable for high school graduates and adult working class professionals. Their convenient online and on ground classes will help adults build their schedules around their profession. At Colorado Technical University you will gain inspiration and an increased desire for gaining more education throughout your life time.
Devry Online University:

Devry University is one of the oldest and most widely recognized online universities. DeVry students have the unique opportunity to choose to take courses online or opt to take some in live physical classrooms. The school is uniquely able to provide many students with employment as they proceed through their education.
Boston Online University:

An online degree from Boston University represents achievement of a high academic standard. At Boston University Online, you can earn your degree during the hours and in the location that work best for youwithout settling for anything less than the resources and distinction of a great university.
Kaplan Online University:

Kaplan University focuses on adding a human touch to the high technology of learning online. The flexibility and dynamic interaction of online education at Kaplan University also allows for innovative learning opportunities.
There are many good universities out there. But according to your needs and requirements in your education, you must have to choose the best online university.

This article has been published by Kateri White currently writing on online degree programs topics for our website http://www.onlineuniversitydegreeprogram.info.For more details about the online degree programs, please visit our website. If any mistake found please mail kateriwhite@gmail.com.

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University in Rajasthan – Get Details About Education in Rajasthan, Singhania University

admin — Sun, 03 Jan 2010 06:41:53 +0000

The University of Rajasthan is considered one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in Rajasthan. . It was established on 8th January, 1947, in the name of ‘University of Rajputana’ with the main objective of distributing knowledge and catering to the needs of the students of whole Rajasthan. It had jurisdiction over the entire state.
In the year 1956, the Rajputana University was renamed as the University of Rajasthan, keeping in one piece its enveloping jurisdiction. With the successive creation of other universities, its affiliating jurisdiction has come down but it is regarded as the hub of Higher Education in Rajasthan paving the way for the other universities. It attracts students from all over Rajasthan and other parts of India and abroad.

‘University of Rajasthan’ is a multi-faculty University and is recognized under 2F and 12B of University Grant Commission (U.G.C) .
It contains 36 Post Graduate Departments, 15 recognized Research Centers, 6 Constituent Colleges and 500 Affiliated Colleges spanning 6 districts.
Not a single Indian university was in the top 300 of Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2006. However, six Indian Institutes of Technology and Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Pilani, were listed among the top 20 science and technology schools in Asia by Asiaweek.[The Indian School of Business was ranked number 15 in global MBA rankings by the Financial Times of London in 2009 while the All India Institute of Medical Sciences has been recognized as a global leader in medical research and treatment.Similarly, the National Law School of India University situated in Bangalore is often considered to be the best law school in South Asia and a pioneer in legal education in India.
The University has been established by the Singhania University, Pacheri Bari, Distt. Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan) Ordinance 2007. It is a fully recognized university as per Sec. 2f of the UGC Act 1956.

Singhania University is situated at Pacheri Bari, Distt. Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan) on the Delhi-Narnaul Singhana – Pilani Road. It is about 160 kms. west of Delhi and about 165 kms. north of Jaipur. The University can be reached either by rail or by road. The nearest railway stations are Narnaul (19 kms.) and Chirawa (45 kms.)
Singhania University offers world-class infrastructure, highly qualified and dedicated faculties and excellent environment for academic and intellectual growth.

The Institute focuses on comprehensive growth of the students, working on their hearts and minds by addressing to their academic, cultural, physical and social needs in an environment of continuous interaction and growth, conducive for the enrichment of mind and body. The faculty is fully committed to impart quality education by investing all its skills and knowledge. The University endeavours not only to produce excellent academic results but also to produce excellent and successful professionals. Singhania University is top university in the list of universities of Rajasthan, located at Pacheri Bari Jhunjhunu.Rajasthan India. It offers all bachelor and master degree courses in Science and Technology, for more information call +91-1494513030, +91-9251604020 or +91-9416903103.

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Join Accredited Online University Degree Programs

admin — Wed, 25 Nov 2009 06:37:41 +0000

You might be concerned about affording an education through an accredited online college or University. engineering online universities online degrees from accredited universities online college universities bilkent university online academic . Even the basic college experience has been changed dramatically, favoring more elements of an accredited online university than ever before. True Any four year college or university that is accredited to grant an online bachelors degree may do so. Each accredited college and university listed provide a variety of online master’s degree and online MBA programs in many specialized areas. Rather than investigating “accreditted online college degrees,” look into the opportunities available through the nation’s largest accredited university. WGU is the only online accredited university and online college in the U.S.

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CNU is a nationally accredited online distance learning university designed for technical and business professionals. an accredited online university is the fastest growing form of learning today, and its applications are spreading into even the most technical of fields. Perhaps the most important benefit of distance learning through an accredited online university is the ability to communicate and tap into Global business networks. Get your business career in high gear with independent, online study at this accredited university. Join thousands of students who attend class online and earn your accredited degree through Tsinghua Universitys online mba degrees.

Earning an accredited Tsinghua University graduate degree through their online MBA degrees will contribute to your success and give your career a boost. Each accredited college and university listed provide a variety of online master’s degree and online MBA programs in many specialized areas. The rising popularity of an accredited online university is not without its criticism and potential drawbacks. There is also some criticism about the ability to regulate an accredited online university, and fears about cheating to obtain degrees without earning them.

Find an accredited online school or university, and jump start your career today! When people start looking for more information about accredited online university, you’ll be in a position to meet their needs. Queries regarding accreditationBefore opting in for a regular/online university it is very important to check if the university is accredited or not. So make sure you check if the online university is accredited by a recognized body before opting for one. Get your IT career in high gear with independent, online study at this accredited university.

So you can safely end your search for an accredited online university here. It is a common mistake to search for “online accredited degree programs” when seeking an accredited university. Even worse, some schools use terms that give the appearance of being an accredited online university when, in fact, they are not. Founded in 1993, JIUô is the first regionally accredited online university providing quality education for busy adults. Click here to find out more.

Programs with real-world curriculum are taught by scholar/practitioners at Capella University, an accredited online university. If you are a busy working adult on a tight income, independent study at this highly accredited online university is for you! Even the basic college experience has been changed dramatically, favoring more elements of an accredited online university than ever before. An accredited online university increases the opportunities available to executives to realize their education-related goals. Rather than investigating “accreditted online college degrees,” look into the opportunities available through the nation’s largest accredited university.

Its long-term goal is to create an fully accredited online university. * Please note that accredited-online-university.com is not responsible for the validity or opinions expressed by any outside links. engineering online universities online degrees from accredited universities online college universities bilkent university online academic . Now you can understand why there’s a growing interest in accredited online university. http://www.accredited-university-online.com/

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UAE Education â?? List of Universities And Colleges In UAE

admin — Wed, 28 Oct 2009 06:37:51 +0000

To become great human being there is requirement of education. The best educations are given to students in universities that are so famous and worldwide recognized. UAE is developed emirates and have lots of universities and colleges there in major cities like Dubai, Abu Dhabi. Universities of UAE are well known recognized by world wide. These universities give good facilities to their students. And have positive response in result and appreciated by worldwide. There are some universities in UAE along with colleges, described below:

Abu Dhabi University: This is founded at date of 13 of September and owned by University of Abu Dhabi Board of Trustees and Governors. This is private university and located in Khafila city with PO Box 59911, Abu Dhabi, UAE along with telephone number +971-2-5015555 and fax +971-2-5015990. The website for university is www.adu.ac.ae.

Ajman University of Science and Technology: This is founded at 1988 year and directed by Dr Saeed Abdalla Salman (President). Approximate students number are 11,000 with type of university and Ministry of Higher Education license. The location for this is university is PO Box 346, Ajman, UAE along with phone number +971-6-7466666 and fax +971-6-7482277. Website for this university is www.ajman.ac.ae .

Al Ghurair University: This is founded at 1999 and directed by Abdurahim Mohammed Al Ameen (President). This is private university and Ministry of Higher Education licensed. Location of this university is PO Box 37374, Dubai, UAE along with +971-4-4200223 and fax +971-4-4200224. website for this university is www.agu.ae .

Al Hosn University: This is founded at September 2005 and directed by Professor Abdul Rahim Sabouni and owned by Abu Dhabi Holding Company / Board of Trustees. Number of students approximate is 500 and this is private type of university. Location for this university is PO Box 38772, Abu Dhabi, UAE along with telephone number +971-2-4070700 and fax number +971-2-4070799. Website for this university is www.alhosnu.ae

Dubai Aerospace University: This is founded at 2006, directed by Dr George H Ebbs (CEO) and owned by Dubai Aerospace Enterprise DAE. This is one of private company. Location of this university is PO Box 506591, Dubai, UAE along with fax number +971-4-4038189.

French Fashion University: This is founded at 2006 and directed by Denis Ravizza (Director). This is one of private universities. Location of university is Block 4, Dubai Academic City, PO Box 211021, Dubai, UAE along with phone number +971-4-4291228 and fax number +971-4-3604833. Website for this university is www.french-fashion-university.com .

Hamdan eTQM University: This is founded at September 2002, directed by Dr Mansoor Al Awar (Vice-President & CEO) and owned by Board of Governors. This is one of Ministry of Higher Education licensed universities. Location of this university is 1st Floor, Bur Dubai Traffic Department, Sheikh Zayed Road, Al Barsha, PO Box 71400, Dubai, UAE along with +971-4-4088405 and fax number +971-4-4088555. Website for university is www.hbmeu.ae.

Murdoch University Dubai: This is founded at September 2008, directed by Professor J Michael Innes (Dean / Pro-Vice Chancellor). This is one of private university. Location of this university is Block 10, 4th floor, Dubai International Academic City, PO Box 502971, Dubai, UAE along with +971-4-4355700 and fax number +971-4-4264708. Website for this university is www.murdochdubai.com .

visit website for dubai universities , uae universities

Justin mark has 10 years experience in industry field. they are giving his valuable time to falconsearch, tasweek and uaebusinessdirectory in field of seo, internet marketing.

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12 Dutch Universities in the World’s Top-500 Universities

admin — Mon, 28 Sep 2009 06:37:24 +0000

An assessment carried out by AllAboutUni.com found that Dutch universities do very well in the World’s Top-500 universities. AllAboutUni.com is an independent, global and interactive website where visitors can obtain information about universities (global rankings, student reviews, university news and campus pictures).

The analysis is based on a ranking of the World’s Top-500 Universities produced by the Institute of Higher Education at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Several indicators of academic or research performance are used to establish the ranking, these include staff winning Nobel Prizes, highly cited researchers and articles indexed in major citation indices.

There are 12 Dutch universities in the World’s Top-500 universities (2008): University of Utrecht (ranked 47th), University of Leiden (76th), Free University of Amsterdam (101-151), Amsterdam University (101-151), University of Groningen (101-151), Delft University of Technology (152-200), Erasmus University (152-200), Radboud University Nijmegen (152-200), University of Wageningen (152-200), University of Maastricht (303-401), Twente University (303-401) and Eindhoven University of Technology (402-503).

Comparison with the World’s Top-500 Overall,
the World’s Top-500 universities are mainly located in Europe (n=210; 40%), the Americas (n=190; 40%) and the Asian/Pacific region (n=100; 20%). The Netherlands, with 12 universities, represents 2% of the total universities in the World’s Top-500 universities. If one adjusts for population size (i.e. one calculates the number of universities in the Top-500 per 1 million inhabitants in the country), the Netherlands performs very well compared to other industrialised countries. The countries with the highest number of universities per million inhabitants are the smaller countries in Western Europe (Sweden (1.2 universities in the World’s Top-500 Universities per 1 million inhabitants), Finland (1.2), Switzerland (1.0), Austria (0.9), Norway (0.8)) and (Israel) (0.8). The Netherlands comes into the next group of countries with 0.7 universities per million inhabitants (this group includes Denmark, Australia, Hong Kong and the UK). The number of US universities per million inhabitants is 0.5.

Comparison with the World’s Top-100universities
Universities in the US clearly dominate the World’s Top-100 universities, with 58 universities. There are 23 European universities, of which two are Dutch (the Universities of Utrecht and Leiden).

Age
The median age of the 12 Dutch universities is 112 years, ranging from 32 years (University of Maastricht) to 433 (University of Leiden). Many of the Dutch universities are young, with six of the 12 universities aged less than 100 years.

Endowments
Endowments can play an important role in the operating budget of universities, as demonstrated by the AllAboutUni.com assessment of the world’s Top-25 universities. Only one of the 12 Dutch universities reported an endowment on Wikipedia accessed 22 November 2008 and this was the Delft University of Technology (€460 million in 2007). This is a relatively small amount in comparison to the World’s Top-25 universities whose median endowment is $5.9 billion.

Conclusions
The overall performance of Dutch universities compared to the rest of the world is very good. Despite not being represented in the World’s Top-25 universities, they have a very good overall performance with a high number of universities per million inhabitants in the World´s Top-500. Another positive point is that many of the Dutch universities are young and have progressed to the World’s Top-500 universities over a relatively short time period. The strong overall performance of Dutch universities is probably associated with factors like the good management practices, the high level of public (and private) funding available to Dutch universities and the long academic tradition that exists in the Netherlands.

AllAboutUni.com was founded by John Paget and launched in November 2007. He has been visiting university campuses around the world since the 1980s and wanted to share this information with others. John Paget was brought up in Switzerland where he attended the International School of Geneva and was exposed to the growing demand for international higher education studies. John Paget studied Economics at the London School of Economics and then completed graduate studies in the United Kingdom and Switzerland.

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The Impact of the Committee System on University Management in Benue State of Nigeria

admin — Wed, 09 Sep 2009 06:37:30 +0000

Introduction

The Senate is the highest academic body in the university system with the Vice-Chancellor as its chairman. Its authority covers all academic matters although some, such as appointments, are shared with council. It is Senate that has the formal authority under the university’s charter and status to make academic policy. Therefore, for it to take meaningful decisions it has to create certain committees. Council is the governing body of the University and is the formal employer of all university staff. It is charged with the general control and superintendent of the Policy, Finance and Property of the University. University employees are required under the leadership of the Vice-Chancellor to carry out Councils policies. To that extent the Vice-Chancellor may be seen as “Chief Executive”. He is supported by the Registrar who is responsible for the university’s academic and administrative supportive services.

The use of committees was entrenched in the Laws/Acts establishing Nigerian Universities as indicated in the University of Ibadan Act of 1962 which states that: “Anybody or persons established by the Act shall without prejudice of the generality, shall have power to appoint committees consisting of members of that body and subject to the provisions of sub-section(7) of section four of this Act to authorize committee established by it to exercise, on its behalf, such of its functions as it may determine”. In the management of higher institutions, committees play very important roles in the decision making process. This is because as democratic establishments, universities’ decisions on governance must reflect the opinion of a cross section of the staff if such decisions are to be accepted. This explains why many institutions in the country have established many committees to assist management in arriving at useful and meaningful decisions that can facilitate the proper management and growth of the university system of education.

Ede (2000), describes universities as international communities engaged in the daily business of the search for knowledge and truth. Ogunmodede (1981), states that authority of governance of Nigerian Universities is derived from an external source – The Visitor, who invariably is the president in the case of a Federal University and the Governor in the case of a State University. According to Daudu (1986), the management of such complex organization requires participation through the committee system because of the bureaucratic, collegial and political models that are applicable in them.

Nwachukwu {1988}, describes a committee as a device for achieving coordination of activities and sharing information among various departments and divisions of an organizations. He further states that committee decisions help to promote better coordination in an organization. Ikenwe (1998), highlighting the work of Foxworthy (1971), wrote that the primary motive of instituting the committee system in institutional governance has grown out of the motive concern for democratizing decision making in those institutions and a recognition of the need for more broadly based decision making as universities become more complex. This explains why many institutions in the country established many committees to assist its management in arriving at useful and meaningful decisions that can facilitate the proper management and growth of the university system of education.

In view of the importance of the committee system in university management, it is therefore necessary to investigate its impact on the effective and efficient management of the university system in Benue State of Nigeria.

Statement of the Problem

There have been frequent cries by some members of the university community that the committee system may not necessarily be the best method of effectively managing a university system. These staff members argue that the disadvantages of the committee system on university management appear to out weigh the advantages. Various segments of the staff have severally expressed their grievances, some violently and others peacefully over non implementation of committee decisions. These crises negate effective management of higher institutions. There is therefore the need to investigate this problem

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to investigate how effectively committees affect university management in Benue State of Nigeria. Specifically, the study is concerned with the level of staff participation in the various committees and their confidence and trust in these committees and their importance in the management of the university system.

Research Questions

The following questions were answered by the study:-

(i) Does the committee system improve decision making process in the universities?

(ii) Does the committee system lead to greater participation of members of staff in the university community?

(iii) Do decisions made by committees instill greater confidence in the university community?

(iv) Do committees provide effective advisory services to Vice- Chancellors?

(v) Do committees’ recommendations influence opinion of the university council and senate towards proper management of the institutions?

Hypotheses

The following hypotheses were formulated:-

(i) The committee system will not significantly lead to the participation of a higher number of staff in university management.

(ii) The committee system will not significantly improve decision making process in university management.

(iii) The committee system will not significantly instill greater confidence in the university.

(iv) The committee system will not significantly influence university management.

Methodology

The population of the study was made up of the staff members of the two universities in Benue State of Nigeria. The stratified random sampling technique was adopted for this study because of the large population involved. The population was therefore arranged into five sub-groups or strata. This helped to ease data collection and analyses. In effect, the study samples consist of 203 members of senior staff, 109 members bringing the total to 312 drawn from the study sample. The study used one structured questionnaire for the 312 respondents. The adopted Likert Four Point rating scale of 4, 3, 2, and 1, was used to analyze responses in the questionnaire.

Method of Data Analysis

The mean, standard deviation and t-test were used to verify results and arrive at certain conclusions. A mean of 2.50 was used as cut-off point of decision making for each item on the instrument. Any item with a mean of 2.50 and above was considered adequate and hence enhances the level of respondents on the use of committees in university governance. Any item with a mean of 2.50 and above was considered adequate and hence enhances the level of respondents on the use of committees in university governance. Any item with a mean of less than 2.50 was considered inadequate. The four hypotheses formulated for this study were tested at 0.05 level of significance using student t-test for each. Where the calculated value is greater than the table value of t at 0.05 level of significance, the null was not accepted. On the other hand, if the calculated value is less than the table value of t at 0.05 level of significance, the null hypotheses was accepted. After subjecting the responses to the above statistical methods and analyses, three out of the four null hypotheses were not accepted, while the fourth was accepted.

Hypotheses One

The committee system will not significantly lead to the participation of a large number of staff in university management.

Assumptions

N1 5

X1 15.25

S1 4.35

N2 6

X2 5.99

S2 2.80

df 6 Cal-t

cal.t Value 2.85 Table

table Value 2.45

Decision

Do not accept.

The result of the first hypothesis as shown above clearly indicates that the committee system encourages participation of a large number staff. Tahir (1991), agrees with this finding as he states that leadership must evolve styles that can ensure effective staff and student participation in decision making that affect them. Gwary (1993), also maintained that full participation is a process where each individual member of a decision making body has equal power to determine the outcome of the decision. This means that the use of participatory system of governance in the university system cannot be overemphasized. There must be full participation of individuals who are effective and efficient so as to help the growth of the committee system in university governance. It is then therefore worthy to mention that staff participation in the decision that affects their working lives is essential for effective management.

Hypotheses Two

The committee system will not significantly improve decision making process in university governance

Assumptions

N1 8

X1 24.62

S1 6.82

N2 7

X2 14.90

S2 6.20

df 13

Cal-tValue2.674

TableValue2.15

DecisionDo not accept.

In the table above, since the calculated t value is higher than the table value, we therefore do not accept the hypothesis. This finding reveals that the committee system is a vital tool for improving decision making process in university management. This finding is in line with Jeje (1983), who states that committees bring about group judgment on an issue, thereby protecting the university or chief executive from errors arising out of the decision of an individual.

Hypotheses Three

The committee system will not significantly instill confidence in the university system.

Assumptions

N1 9

X1 27.87

S1 7.62

N2 7

X2 15.28

S2 6.44

df 14

Cal-tValue 3.279

TableValue2.15

DecisionDo not accept

This finding reveals that there will exist trust and confidence if the committee decisions are faithfully implemented. All cadres of staff are of the opinion that committees would however tend to ignore the views of staff if they are in conflict with those of the university administration. Mehendiratta (1984), in his study on university administration in India and USA states that it would be advisable for the university system itself to device an adequate machinery to deal with grievances of students, teachers, subordinate staff and administrators and this machinery should be so devised that all persons concerned would have confidence in its impartiality and independence.

Hypothesis four

The committee system will not significantly influence university management.

Assumptions

N1 8

X1 24.38

S1 6.75

N2 8

X2 16.38

S2 7.41

df 14

Cal-t

Table

DecisionAccept.

The finding reveals that the committee system will not influence university management. This is because the respondents agree that committees do not provide effective advisory services to Vice-Chancellors, and that committee recommendations will not influence opinions of the university council and senate. What this result shows is that even though the university community believes that committees are vital tools for university governance, they are not confident that university administration will really implement the recommendations of committees. This also shows that there exist lack of trust between the university community and the university administration. It is pertinent to ask why a staff who is found worthy of promotion in the Departmental appointment and promotions committee be denied promotion by the council appraisal and promotions committee. Explanations would also be needed as to why a student who is found guilty of examination malpractice is rusticated by the College/Faculty examination malpractice committee however when the same case gets to senate, such a student is expelled. One wonders therefore why these committees are set up to look into these cases when decisions made by them are not implemented. Suffice it to say that because of administrative interest in these matters, decisions made by these committees are jettisoned. These actions negate the purpose of setting up these committees and also breed distrust in the system. Sifuna (1991), states that the tendency for Vice-Chancellors to monopolize all aspects of decision making has now been perfected in the creation of Vice-Chancellors ‘management boards’ whose powers are too wide and constantly erode those of the senate. Views or decisions of committees are ignored if they are in conflict with those of administration. He further states that although universities teach about democracy and are quite vocal about the need for popular participation in decision-making, universities’ administrative structures and key policy-making bodies are most undemocratic.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Universities the world over are established for the propagation, dissemination and the application of knowledge. The university system is made up of people with investigative and critical minds with the function of teaching, research and public service, dedicated to intellectual life and hence the need for a democratic system and consequently the introduction of the committee system of governance. The study has identified that staff of BSU and UAM are not as confident as they would like to be in the committee system. This is as a result of the non-implementation of committee recommendations in university governance. There is therefore the need for the university administration to effectively and efficiently implement committee recommendations so as to boost the confidence of staff in the system. University administration should further find a way to create conditions for trust to exist within the university community as there is a lot to gain in a trusting environment.

Tierney (1999), in his paper on Trust and Academic Governance opines that if individuals are to make far-reaching decisions they need to create the conditions for trust to exist. According to Longing (2002), institutional success at navigating the currents of higher education is the dependent on the effectiveness of governance structures and decision making processes. Still, governance and decision making as the subject of empirical research currently receives only moderate attention.

There is therefore the need for researchers to investigate more on how best to govern higher institutions to meet their desired goals without distrust. Universities must a evolve appropriate leadership styles and practices. Delegation and communication channels should be followed. Staff should be actively involved in decision making if they to be fulfilled and effective in following up decisions made. Participation will increase their level of out put. Recommendations made by committees should be accepted and implemented without delay so as to boost confidence in the system. There should be mandatory, introductory and refreshers courses/ seminars on the committee system for staff especially for junior staff members so as to understand what the committee system is all about as most of them do not know how the committee system operates.

References

Daudu P. (1986) Committee versus centralized system of managing Higher institution: A choice between participation and efficiency, Unpublished paper

Denga D. I. and Ali A. (1998) An introduction to research methods and statistics in education and social sciences, (3rd ed) Calabar, Nigeria, Rapid Educational Publishers Ltd.

Ede .S. A. (2000) Educational administration and management, Jos, Nigeria: Ichedum Publication Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria, Spectrum Books Ltd.

Gwary T. H. (1993) Participative strategies for higher education management: A case study of Federal College of Education,Yola. Education today, 6 (3).

Ikenwe E. (1988) The use of committees in Higher institutions in Bendel state. An unpublished thesis of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

Jeje .A. (1983) The administration of faculties in University of Ife, An unpublished field attachment report for MPA degree, University of Ife.

Longing T.C. (2002) Institutional governance: A call for collaborative decision making in American higher education. Boston, MA Anker Publishing Co.

Nwachukwu .C. C. (1988) Management theory and practice, Onitsha, Africana- Feb Publishers Limited.

Ogunmodede A. (1981) The community system of the university of Ibadan Management. Unpublished M.ED dissertation, University of Ibadan.

Mehendiraratta P.R (1984) University administration in India and USA, New Delhi, Oxford and IBH Co

Sifuna D. N. (1997) The governance of Kenyan public Universities Nairobi, Lyceum ed. Consultants.

Tahir G. (1991) Higher education management in Nigeria, Change and pressure for change: unpublished paper.

Tierney W. G. (1999) Creating high performance in colleges and universities, Thousand Oaks, Ca. Sage Publications Inc.

Ebi is an assistant registrar with the Nasarawa State University Keffi. she works in the Registrar’s Office

Online Universities Degree â?? Working adults look for online university programs

admin — Tue, 01 Sep 2009 06:35:24 +0000

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Nothing Universe Theory

admin — Sun, 09 Aug 2009 06:35:32 +0000

The Nothing Universe

By Dennis James Huff

Introduction

In this paper, I will discuss and provide logical evidence for a new theory of how the universe began. One that is supported by all of the evidence in support of the Big Bang Theory. This theory is called, “Nothing Universe” theory. During my years of education, I learned the three most popular theories of the day. The most popular of which was, and still is, the Big Bang Theory. The only credit I can bring myself to give the Big Bang Theory is that it is a possibility. I do not make that statement lightly, I have pondered and followed the Big Bang theory for many years. What keeps the Big Bang Theory alive is the scientific evidence that points to it as the most plausible explanation. The question that needs to be considered is, “Is it logically plausible, or plausible for lack of a better theory?” Just as forensic evidence can sometimes point to the wrong suspect, so to can scientific evidence. Just as I am sure there are more than a few innocent men and women in prison, I am also sure that there is a theory or two that remain popular today, simply based upon good research attributed to the wrong conclusions. The one sticking point for me with the Big Bang Theory is the “Before Period”. What existed before the singularity exploded? If it were not for that sticking point, I would have had an easier time accepting the Big Bang Theory; and the “Nothing Universe” theory would not exist. The Oscillating Universe theory is nice, but it has the same problem; assuming there ever actually was a beginning. If the universe has always existed then it is a plausible theory. However; I find it difficult to believe, because something would have had to set this never ending loop in motion. This is not necessarily a true statement. I have a hard time conceiving of how the universe could expand and contract continuously without having been set in motion at some point in the past. This notion points to a beginning at some point in the past. The same holds true for the Steady State Universe theory. The notion that the universe has always existed and will always exist the way it has for all eternity is also a difficult thing to conceive. The big problem with this theory is that we know the universe is not unchanging. It is expanding and continuously changing on a daily basis. Some have suggested that although it is expanding the overall picture remains the same. I disagree, stars are born and die, objects collide, are sucked into black holes, etc. We live in a very active and continuously changing universe. I will provide an in depth overview of all three currently accepted theories followed by “Nothing Universe” theory. I will also provide a brief discussion of God, simply because I believe that the subject cannot be discounted…irregardless of how unlikely the existence of one may be. I know that God is a subject that many people may not want to touch upon. I believe that when considering the beginning of all things the subject must, at the very least, be briefly covered.

What I am about to propose in this paper is an idea that I have considered for many years. It is a theory that I believe in, and has helped me come to a better understanding of our universe. I have spent roughly 15 years considering, and developing this theory. It goes beyond the sticking point of, “the Before Period”. The time before the singularity or the existence of a God. In my opinion there are only two current theories that make sense. There is the “Nothing Universe” theory, and there is the theory of God. The God concept does still suffer from the “Before” problem, but that could just be by design. No matter how hard I rack my brain I just cannot come to any other conclusions. Either the Nothing theory is correct, the correct theory has not been written, or God is responsible for everything. I will also explain this point further. I will do this by outlining a plausible argument for the existence of a god, and why it is so difficult for science to ever destroy the notion of a God. I do not believe fully in a God myself, but the nature of a God makes it virtually impossible to discount its existence entirely. These were the choices I gave myself, and for now I am going to stick with my conclusions. My goal now is to share my theory with the world, and try to provide a full and in depth understanding of this new theory. I believe that this theory neatly ties together all of the lose ends of existence. With a clear understanding of our beginnings, we will be able to gain full insight into the inner workings of our reality. I would also like to say, “Pride of Authorship”. Keep this in mind as you read this paper. New ideas are not readily or easily accepted due to many factors. Pride of Authorship simply put is; outright refusal to believe in a new idea or topic if it threatens an individuals current body of work or belief structure. Denial of a new idea based upon human emotions is not a good way to approach any topic. I simply would like my ideas to be considered, as I have considered other’s ideas and works. I would also like to add that the earth was once flat, ether was responsible for fire, and plate tectonics was an absurd concept. “Nothing Universe” theory may also appear to be an absurd concept, however; I am not seeking belief. I am only seeking consideration.

The Big Bang Theory

The Big Bang theory was first proposed by Georges Lemaitre. He formulated his theory based upon observations of the structure of the universe and from the theoretical considerations at the time. Doppler shift was one of those observations, first measured in 1912 by Visto Slipher. He observed that galaxies appeared to be moving away from the earth. The result was “Doppler shift”. As the objects move away from us, varying wavelengths become elongated and reach us as red light. It is how we know our universe is expanding. Lemaitre considered “Doppler Shift” and in 1931 concluded that if the universe is expanding today then it would be logical to assume that the universe was once very small. You could reverse the expansion until you reached a “primeval atom”. This atom has come to be known as the singularity. As we approach this time in the past the current laws of physics cease to exist the farther back we go. If we were to get as close as possible to this singularity then our laws of physics hold true. When we reach that moment, we reach a point where nothing but the singularity exists. From this point onward the traditional laws of physics do not apply. I believe this point is termed as the “Planck Epoch”. Once the singularity is reached the consensus is that we would perceive an infinitely small and infinitely dense point of pure energy. No one can necessarily explain what existed beyond the boundaries of this singularity. Many believe that nothing existed, but the singularity. We also cannot go anywhere beyond the point of its existence. We do not know where the singularity came from, and we do not know if anything existed before it. The popular view is:

that there was nothing before the singularity
the singularity came into existence
the singularity then expanded instantaneously

This is a very important point to consider. Many assume from the title of the theory that the universe began in an explosion. That may have been the belief in the past, but not today. Many tend to view the “Big Bang” as a sudden expansion of the singularity and not an explosion. Imagine a perfect circle on a piece of paper with an 8 inch diameter. Now imagine that this circle expanded outward in an instant to a diameter of 80 inches. This would represent how the universe began. The singularity expanded to create our current universe. Since we know that the universe is still expanding today; one could assume that the big bang is still taking place today. It could also be that the expansion of space has stopped, but the momentum of material has not. We could also assume that it is slowing down, but recent observations appear to show that the expansion is speeding up, and not slowing down.

The two biggest discoveries that have given strength to this theory is that the universe is expanding, and that background radiation exists all around us. This background radiation (cosmic background radiation) is thought to be evidence of a great explosion/expansion, lending support to the Big Bang theory. Other supporting evidence has been discovered, such as;

the abundance of simple elements in the universe, namely hydrogen and helium.
the evolution and distribution of matter in our universe

That is not much of a list, but these two ideas and the two mentioned previously seem to be the major supporting topics for the Big Bang theory. Much more work has been done where the conclusions fit into the framework of a big bang universe. This work does not directly prove the big bang, it simply is proven to be so, and also happens to not contradict the big bang. For example, I want to find out how an object appears on a kitchen table. In this instance the object is a glass. Assuming a glass will appear again at some point in the future, I wait around. Eventually, I observe that a person enters the room and places a glass on the table. Now I know how the glass came to be on the table. Now, lets assume there is also a popular theory that we live on a planet. The discovery of how the glass came to be where it was has nothing to do with the theory that we live on a planet. Since the appearance of the glass happened on this planet, it fits nicely with that theory of a planet, but we set out to prove how a glass came to be at that location. We proved that hypothesis without threatening our planet theory. This is an over simplified explanation for a not so simple topic.

Let us consider the evidence for the big bang theory. We know that a bulk of our universe is composed of simple matter such as hydrogen and helium. The majority of our periodic table of elements is composed of elements that make up a very small percentage of our universe. This is because more complex elements must be formed within a high energy environment, in this case a star. The evolution of elements in our universe would look like this;

Protons and electrons came together to form hydrogen
Hydrogen gathered into large clouds of hydrogen
eventually this hydrogen compressed until stars are formed
in these stars hydrogen is fused to form helium
the high temperatures in stars provide a place for more complex elements to be formed
a star dies, explodes, elements are scattered and new stars are born from this cloud
now we have elements to form not only gas giants, but rocky planets as well

This is a simplistic view, but paints a clear picture of how matter evolved from the beginning to today. The universe is estimated to be around 15 billion years old, which is plenty of time for elements to evolve. Especially when you consider that it only took life 3 billion years to get us here. That is only a fifth of our universes existence. The other 4 fifths was used in the creation of stars, death, and evolution of elements to bring us to a point where the elements could begin a new evolution. The evolution of life on Earth and perhaps other planets.

Cosmic Background radiation has been witnessed by all of us who have ever listened to an off air radio station, or watched an off air television station. The hissing sound that you hear on the radio is caused by background radiation, and likewise with the fuzz on your off air television screen. It was actually discovered as noise that could not be eliminated during an experiment. Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were working for Bell labs in 1964 when they made the discovery. They were using a super sensitive Horn Antenna to detect radio waves that were bouncing of off echo balloon satellites. They had to eliminate all interference, and were successful for the most part. They could not seem to eliminate a low level hissing sound, no matter how hard they tried. This low level hissing sound turned out to be Cosmic background radiation left over from the birth of our universe. This has been hailed as the fingerprint of the Big Bang theory. It points to a massive event that created our universe. An event that released unbelievable amounts of energy. Although that may be true, and we do know of its existence; it is possible that another event could account for background radiation.

A great deal of research has been done on the subject of the big bang. As with any theory there are some wrinkles that need to be ironed out. All theories have wrinkles and sticking points, some more than others. The Big Bang has remained strong, because it has fewer wrinkles than other proposed theories and hypothesis. This fact coupled with the evidence that has been attributed to it, it will remain the leading theory for some time to come. It is not the first, and will not be the last theory that is held to be true. Even though it may be wrong.

Oscillating Universe Theory

Perhaps the second most believed theory for the beginning of our universe. It was conceived by Alexander Friedman in 1922, and remains fairly intact today. The major sticking point with this theory is the assumption that we live in a closed universe. Presently, most scientist believe that we do not live in a closed universe. I say most, because “I knew a science teacher once who believed that if you had a strong enough telescope you would be able to see the back of your own head!” The easiest way to view this theory is to think of the Big Bang occurring over and over again, each time ending in a big crunch, followed by a big bang. At some point in the past the singularity expanded leading to the creation of the universe. Eventually, the universe began to slow and then contract. Ultimately this universe would end in a big crunch, and then would eventually expand again; leading to a new universe that would end in a big crunch, and so on and so forth. The major reason why this theory was not as accepted as the Big Bang theory is, that many do not see a difference between this theory and the big bang. Why consider the possibility that we are many universes along in the cycle? When we can simply look at this universe, and its beginning and possible end. The conclusion being, that we do not need to focus on a repeating pattern. We may be in the first universe or the 100th in the cycle, it does not matter. What we are interested in is how this universe began, how old it is, and how it will end. This cycle matters to us because we live in it. So, as tempting as it is to consider that this universe is only one in a long line of universes; we have to stay focused on this universe. For this reason, many have chosen to only consider the Big Bang theory. In reality the Big Bang theory would be a subset of the Oscillating Universe Theory.

Steady State Theory

This theory takes a view of the universe as; always having existed, and will always exist. The universe exists today as it did millions, billions, trillions of years ago. There is no beginning, and there is no end. Developed in 1948 by Fred Hoyle, Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold, it was proposed as an alternative to the Big Bang theory. It proposes that new matter is continuously created as the universe expands. This dealt with the notion that our universe was expanding and so new matter would be needed for the universe to remain relatively the same. This theory could not escape observational fact. The universe was changing, was expanding, and there was nothing “steady state” about it.

It was an interesting concept that had its supporters. It still suffers from the same questions that all theories of its kind do. Was there a beginning? Even if the universe has always existed, where did everything come from? How can something have always been when we know that our universe is dominated by beginnings and endings? Conceptually it tried to deal with these questions. We wouldn’t have to consider a “before time” if there was no such time. The same can be said for the end. You cannot have one if the universe will never end. Strangely, “We can conceive of an infinity after a beginning, but not an infinity with no beginning that also has an end.” Does this arise from our linear habit of thinking?

This concludes the three big theories for the beginning of our universe. The Big Bang is the clear fore runner with the other two only having a minority of supporters left. There are many other lesser known theories out their that can be found with a little research by any interested persons.

The Nothing Universe

This theory is not a well known or accepted theory, because it is a new theory. I call it a theory rather than a hypothesis, because the evidence that exists for the Big Bang theory also supports this theory. That is to say that; “My theory accounts for much of what the big bang theory does, as well as some of what the big bang theory does not account for.” If I am articulate enough, I will be able to convey the strengths of this theory, and why it should be considered (at the very least) as a running mate with the Big Bang theory. Perhaps the day will come when the “Nothing Universe” theory will stand alone, but I know how difficult it is to dethrone currently accepted and popularly held beliefs.

We are all familiar with our human concept of nothing. When a bottle is empty, we say; “Nothing is in the bottle”. We know that this is not actually the case. What we are referring to is the fact that what we thought should be in the bottle is no longer there. In order for nothing to truly be in the bottle, the bottle itself would have to contain a vacuum. A vacuum is the complete absence of matter. The only thing that can exist in a vacuum is energy. A vacuum is the true concept of nothing, but it is not the true form of nothing. “What I propose is that our concept of nothing and the true state of nothing are two different things.” The true state of nothing is neutrality. A balance between charges in a perfectly arranged atom. This perfect atom I have named the Nothing Atom. (see fig. 1)

Keep in mind that the above figure may not be the exact structure of the nothing atom. It is merely a representation of how the nothing atom could have, or may have existed. The key point to take from this figure is; that the nothing atom was composed of both matter and antimatter. Each was kept from destroying the other by neutrons with the electrons and positrons occupying different orbital lobes. The arrangement of this atom may have been far more complex than this model that I have proposed. I will explain this atom in further detail in a moment. It may also be that these particles did not exist in an atom. Nothing Universe may have been composed of a sea of particles locked together in a way not to destroy one another. Antimatter and matter being separated by neutrons. I take the view point that the Nothing Atom did exist, and will do so in this theory. It is also important to note that this atom is the very existence, structure, and substance of nothing. There was no beginning, because this atom was the actual state of the universe, before the creation of the universe that we know today. When I say that Nothing existed, what I really mean is that nothing but the perfect atom existed. The nothing atom that permeated all of space. In a sense, the universe we live in today represents the very definition of something (existence), while the pre-universe (Nothing Universe) represented the very definition of nothing. Picture these atoms in an arrangement that allowed for as little free space as possible between them, and occupying all of the pre-universe in all directions. Contrary to the Big Bang theory and the singularity, no free energy existed in this Nothing Universe. All energy was contained within this sea of nothing atoms. So, rather than a singularity expanding out into space, we instead have our universe expanding within a pre-universe. A perfect nothing universe. Our universe contains free energy and a ton of space and is bounded by a universe with no free energy and no free space.

The nothing atom that exists beyond our universe is composed of both matter and anti matter particles joined together and separated by neutrons. The nothing atom is composed of the proton, the neutron, the electron, as well as their anti matter counterparts. They are all locked together and kept from destroying each other by neutrons. I do not know the exact arrangement of these particles in this perfect atom, but that is irrelevant. All that is important is the concept that they are all locked together in this one perfect Nothing Atom. The electron and the positron do not annihilate each other, because they occupy different orbital lobes. Again, I do not fully understand the exact arrangement of this atom; only that it existed. Whatever the perfect arrangement is, this perfectly neutral Nothing Atom is the only thing that existed in the pre-universe and composed infinity entirely. There was no motion and therefore no time, but we can use the concept of infinity to give us an idea of the state of the universe up until the point of the event.

So now we have the perfect nothing universe composed entirely of the neutral and perfect Nothing Atom. All energy is locked up tight in the form of particles making up this nothing universe. Trillions. upon trillions, upon trillions, upon trillions, of these atoms. An infinite sea of atoms in which one can fall apart. One of these atoms in a sea of infinity destabilized and led to the “Event” and the creation of our universe. Something had to happen in just one of these perfect Nothing Atoms to cause it to destabilize. Something had to create a destabilization of one of the particles within the atom to lead to an irreversible chain reaction that would lead to the birth of the known universe. I refer to this as the EVENT. This smoking gun could very well be one of the same forces responsible for radioactive decay. I am referring to one of the Quantum forces that dictate how particles behave on a sub atomic level. These are the Strong Nuclear Force, the Weak Nuclear Force, and the Electrostatic Force. A slight shift in one of these forces could have led to the destabilization of one of these perfect Nothing Atoms. The consequence of this was a chain reaction that would create our universe and continue on forever.

The Event

The event represents the exact moment when the chaos began. I have come up with a theory to explain this based upon the concept of probability. Statistically speaking, one would have to assume that when you are dealing with infinity; the probability of 1 event occurring is 1 in infinity. That is to say that if an event can occur, however improbable; a chance still exists for its occurrence when infinity is taken into consideration. I will now quote one of my former geology professors, Dr. Eastler, because I believe this quote sums up my concept of the event nicely. He said, “It didn’t have to happen, but it had to happen.” Simply put, it happened because everything exists, and if it didn’t happen than we wouldn’t be around to know the difference. Since we are here, it is safe to assume that something did happen and the “Event” may have been one of those such things. This Event may have been caused by a shift in one of the Quantum Forces. Once this one neutral Nothing atom destabilized, it set into motion a chain reaction that would lead to the greatest single explosion that will ever occur in the history of reality. During this Event more energy was released than all of the energy currently contained within all of the matter in our universe. Some call it “the Big Bang”, I call it; “The Event”. (see fig.2)

This is not a singularity exploding into existence, this is an atom setting off a chain reaction in a sea of perfect atoms. It is not only an expansion of space, it is an explosion of space. This reaction is instantaneous and is, I believe; the only event currently occurring in our universe at a speed greater than that of the speed of light. There are a few possibilities to consider for this. The nothing atoms are arranged so closely together that once the chain reaction begins it is instantaneous. This is why we do not see the light emanating from this expansion of our universe. I propose that if we could travel fast enough and far enough out into space we would eventually come to a wall of energy moving away from us. I would call this the “Event Horizon” but that name is already taken so I will refer to it as the “Creation Wave”. This wall of energy is the boundary between our universe and the nothing universe. On the other side of this wall of energy is the universe as it existed before the event. An endless sea of perfect nothing atoms awaiting their turn to be annihilated by the impending “Creation Wave”. This means that our universe is being born as we speak, and will continue to be born for eternity. This may also explain observations that our universe is not slowing down, but accelerating as it expands outward. The creation wave is essentially pulling the matter behind it outward due to the ongoing expansion, and or the immense gravity of the nothing universe on the other side of the creation wave. Another possibility is that the farther out into space we go, the younger our universe is. This means that the center of our universe is the oldest, while the outer edges are the youngest. Since the creation wave passed through that region of space fairly recently, the outer regions appear to still be accelerating. It may be that the closer we get to the creation wave; matter is flying away from us at greater and greater speeds. This creation wave is a never ending wave of destruction moving away from the center of the known universe at mind boggling speed. This expansion also helps to explain why there is so much empty space out there. The universe we know is expanding outward to fill empty space, where empty space had never existed. A universe full of matter and energy in our universe and matter and energy in the anti universe. That is assuming that an anti-matter universe was created along with the matter universe we live in today. I do consider this possibility. It may also be that matter outnumbered anti matter in the nothing atom, leading to massive explosions of matter anti-matter interactions soon after the event. Eventually matter won out, and anti matter was destroyed leaving us with a matter universe.

I have possibilities to offer as to why we are not blinded by and vaporized by the energy being released by this process. One possibility is that the mass of the nothing universe on the other side of the Creation wave is infinitely great. This causes the light from the event to be bent back towards the nothing universe as the Creation wave moves forward. The second possibility is that the Creation wave is so far away from us now that the light emitted from this event cannot reach our region of space any longer. The only evidence left behind is in the form of Cosmic Background radiation. A third possibility is, that the creation wave is moving so fast; at speeds faster than that of light, that light waves become so elongated that they do not appear in our known spectrum. These incredibly long waves can be found far to the left, on the Electromagnetic Spectrum. These are not radio waves, they are super radio waves. The only real evidence for this event can be found in the form of Cosmic Background Radiation. It is the thumb print of this ultimate atomic explosion. That is not to say that if we develop the capability to look far enough out into space that we may not catch a glimpse or some evidence of this light, but I highly doubt it. We may be able to detect the incredibly long radio waves that may be emanating throughout space. This Creation wave has been traveling outwards at a speed greater than that of the speed of light for well over 15 billion years now. It may not be possible to detect the outer boundary of our universe any longer directly. We may still be able to detect it indirectly. Further supporting evidence for Nothing Universe theory can be found in the evolution of atoms throughout the universe. The closer towards the center of our universe we will find more evolved forms of matter. We should find older stars and celestial bodies. There should be more galaxies and galaxy clusters indicating that this region of space has had longer to go through the processes necessary for these formations. The closer we get to the outer, younger regions of the universe, we should find fewer galaxies and galaxy clusters. That is because this region of space is younger and has not had the time necessary to develop as far along as the older, central region of our universe. One would imagine the center of the universe containing great clusters of galaxies, thinning out the farther away from the central point we move until we reach the large expanses of hydrogen clouds that occupy the outer rim. This, younger region of space would contain hydrogen clouds trillions of light years across. Within these large clouds exists nurseries where young stars are forming and coming to life.

Another event occurred at the exact moment that the Creation wave began its long journey outward and forever. At the exact moment the chain reaction began not just one, but two universes may have been created. This is assuming similar amounts of matter/anti-matter and that as soon as the nothing atom separated that its matter anti matter components occupied separate universes. The first universe is the matter universe and the second universe was the anti-matter universe. These two universes exist on two separate planes that I like to refer to as the “Above” and “Below” planes of existence. The “Central Plane” is where the nothing universe existed in one dimension and in perfect harmony. As soon as the Event occurred the majority of anti matter phased into a new dimension, or plane of existence. Similarly all of the matter in our known universe phased into its own plane of existence. I have designated the matter universe as the Above plane, and I have designated the anti-matter universe the Below plane. This is strictly done to provide a view of how these two universes may exist. This may not be, in reality, the true or exact structure. These are two separate universes, one of which is composed of matter, and the other of anti-matter. (see fig. 3)

Another way to possibly picture these two universes as existing simultaneously would be to envision all of the matter arranged the way it is in our matter universe. Then imagine that the anti matter that is arranged in the anti-matter universe occupies the empty pockets of space in our universe. So, if you look out into space now in our universe you will notice that there is a lot of empty space out there. The same is true for the anti matter universe. Matter in one universe occupies the empty space of the other universe and vice versa. We perceive it as empty space, because the other universe exists on a different plane of existence/ a different dimension. This is one other possibility. This model may also help to explain why there is not enough matter to account for gravity. Dark matter has been suggested to attribute for this gravity/visible matter disparity. It may be that even though anti matter exists in another dimension, its gravitational influence may still be felt in our dimension and vice versa.

A link may also exist between these two planes. This link can be found in the form of a black hole. A black holes gravity is so intense that it literally punches a hole into that other dimension. Just as anti matter is spewed out into our matter dimension from a black hole; I believe that matter is spewed forth from the same black hole into anti-matter space. A black hole may represent a bridge between these two dimensions. If you can imagine a matter black hole bridging the gap and creating a wormhole that is linked to its counterpart or anti matter black hole. Perhaps they are one and the same or perhaps they occupy the same space at the same time. These two black holes being linked by a stable wormhole or perhaps black holes are connected to white holes. Perhaps white holes exist in both the matter and anti matter universes as the outlets or the transfer between the two universes. (see fig. 4)

Black holes also share a very common link to the state of the universe in the very beginning and that is its very intense gravitational field. This field exists due to the sheer quantity of matter contained with in a small amount of space. The difference is that there was no free energy in the neutral universe, all energy was locked up in particles contained within the perfect atom. If there were any free space in that neutral universe, no doubt the gravity would be of a strength we have never before witnessed. A super black hole would pale in comparison. Clearly these are possibilities to be considered.

The state of our universe today is that of chaos in an unbalanced universe. The same is true in the anti matter universe, if it exists. The universe that we know today is trying to return to that neutral state. That is why atoms strive for balance. It may also explain why elements seek a lower state of energy. As elements become heavier and heavier, they take on a radioactive nature. Elements such as plutonium and uranium seek a lower energy state by emitting alpha, beta quanta, and gamma rays. An internal or external energy event is all it takes to set radioactive decay into motion. Once it is completed, a lower energy state particle is left behind. The first is referred to as the Parent Nuclide with the lower energy Daughter Nuclide left in its place. Quantum physics governs this process. The three forces that govern the subatomic world are the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and the electrostatic force. One of these forces may have been responsible for the “Event” that was started by the destabilization of one of the perfect Nothing Atoms. The elements that exist today are thanks to this destabilization. Much the same way one of the 3 sub atomic forces are responsible for certain types of radioactive decay. The process would go like this;

One of the 3 quantum forces destabilized 1 nothing atom
energy was released to the surrounding atoms
this energy release led to an infinite and never ending chain reaction
the creation wave continued outward forever

What was left behind were protons, neutrons and electrons in this universe, anti-protons, neutrons, and anti electrons in the anti universe. If an anti universe does not exist than perhaps this region of space is only dominated by matter with other galaxies being composed of anti matter. Our universe would then contain galaxies and galaxy clusters composed of matter, while others are composed of anti-matter. Either way, the evolution of matter would play out the same way. It is reasonable to assume that the laws of physics would remain the same for both a matter or an anti-matter universe. Since anti matter is nothing more than mirror particles with opposite charge. Protons and electrons would come together to form hydrogen. Hydrogen would condense to form stars. Helium and other elements would form in these stars, creating the universe as we see it today. In a sense our elements were the first things that began to evolve in our universe, ultimately leading to the elements necessary for the evolution of life. In this way a clear picture can be drawn with particles forming elements, elements forming planets, and elements combining in a new way and in a new environment to give rise to life. On earth, elements came together to form single celled organisms and from their life evolved.

It takes large amounts of energy to create the higher elements on the periodic table of elements. Elements continuously seek a lower energy state. The lowest energy state for any element is the proton and the electron. Yes, hydrogen. These components were once locked up as part of the nothing atom. Since we know that hydrogen and helium are the most abundant elements in the universe than it is safe to assume that large amounts of energy were needed to lead to the creation of the higher elements. Why then do we assume that a particle created and then detected in a lab existed in the beginning of the universe? Yes, they exist, but not necessarily independent of the Nothing Atom. The big bang theory supposes that a singularity existed. This singularity was nothing but pure energy and it was soon after the expansion that these exotic particles existed and disappeared as the universe cooled. That is one possible view. Another view may be that, the universe was very cold in the beginning. All free energy was locked up tight, and these exotic particles only existed as the subatomic constituents of the particles that made up the Nothing Atom. If they exist today we may find them emanating from stars or other high energy events taking place in our universe. Somewhere, where sufficient energy is available to create these exotic particles. The possibility remains that the particles we create in a lab does not necessarily lead us to the conclusion that they existed during the birth of our universe. We know of their existence because we create and observe them in a lab. We as human beings have created many things that did not exist until we arranged their elements to make them so. Wood has always existed in the form of trees, but it took humans to create a log cabin. We know that subatomic particles exist, but because we detected them in a particle experiment. We know they exist, because we know that protons, electrons, and neutrons have smaller constituent parts. I maintain that every exotic particle we have detected can exist, and may exist, just may not have existed in the beginning of our universe as free sub atomic particles. The subatomic particles that did exist were locked up in the nothing atom in the form of matter and anti matter. The fact that we detect them in a particle accelerator may be due to nothing more than the fact that they can exist independently, and we provide the environment to create them for detection. Subatomic particles in the beginning of our universe were locked up in the perfect Nothing Atom.

Why God can neither be proven or disprove

I myself do not personally believe in God, but I know the possibility will always remain, regardless of how illogical it may seem. If a god is an all knowing and all powerful being than it is reasonable to assume that it could foresee the current debates of today. If faith is as important as it is supposed to be then it would also be reasonable to assume that any God would want to set things up the way they are today to test that faith. A God may set the universe up so that the evidence to the contrary of its existence would be overwhelming. This would require an extreme amount of faith from any believer of that God. Some would call it blind faith, the reality is that faith is what it is. There is no concrete evidence for such a God’s existence. Some may point to the bible or other piece of ancient work, but I would like to ask why Greek gods are relegated to mythology when plenty of ancient writings exist of them? Just as the Big Bang theory is the most popular theory while other theories exist, the same can be said for Christianity, and the Islamic religions. They are the most popularly held theories while other theories of religion exist as well.

It does not matter what evidence a scientist points to as evidence against religion. The fact remains that a God may have set the universe up exactly the way it is to test Faith. A God could have created the fossil record, plate tectonics, carbon dating, red shift, and a whole host of other popular scientific evidences against religion. Heck, a god could have created the universe at this very instant and we would never know it. All of our history having been planted as memories upon our creation. It may also very well be that these same scientific discoveries are nothing more the the discovery of how a God designed and set up the Universe. This is the major dilemma that science faces and will never truly be able to overcome. The same type of argument can be made for religion against science. Since there is no solid or concrete evidence for the existence of a God. Scientists can point to the fossil record, carbon dating, etc and we go round and round. This argument between God and science will forever remain as a stalemate. Neither side can entirely prove or disprove the others arguments.

Conclusions

I cannot say that the universe will never return to the neutral state of the nothing universe. The fact remains that 15 billion years may only be a split second after the “Event” on a universal time scale. We may still be witnessing the very early stages of our universes existence. Perhaps one day events will take place in the universe to allow for a pocket of nothing material or neutral matter to form. Perhaps it will grow slowly over time, creating a new neutral universe inside of an ever expanding universe, surrounded by the first neutral universe. Perhaps this wave of balance and chaos has been going on for some time, and the space that we are familiar with exists between one of these waves. This would be Oscillating Universe application of the Nothing Universe theory. The whole of existence is balanced as pockets of nothing matter within our universe which is growing within the first nothing universe. These processes taking place on such a scale that we cannot even begin to comprehend the amount of time we are dealing with. I personally believe that we are living in the first universe and the only one that will exist. Why deal with Oscillation in this case, when we didn’t with the Big Bang? The matter and anti matter universes possibly existing on separate planes, exchanging matter and anti matter with one another through various processes such as black holes. I cannot conceive of this universe ever returning to a balanced neutral nothing universe again. My belief is that we live in this infant universe, the first to exist in infinity, and will exist in infinity from this point on.

As I stated before though, you can never rule out possibilities. The possibility that matter in our universe will begin to collapse in on itself may occur at some distant point in the future. If the Creation wave gets far enough away from the center of the universe then perhaps its gravitational influence will drop below that of the influence of near by galaxies and all matter in between. The universe could then begin to collapse in on itself, reform the neutral universe and the the event would occur at some point in an even more distant and mind boggling future. Like I said, I envision our universe as expanding inside of the neutral (Nothing) universe. At the same time the anti matter universe is doing the same thing on its own plane of existence, if it exists. Two universe, one to represent the matter universe that we live in, and the other in the anti matter universe. One would have to assume that the laws of physics would exist in much the same way in both universes. I assume it does based on the fact that anti matter should interact much the same way that matter does in our universe.

This is my working theory of the beginning of the universe. It is not concrete, but represents what may have been the state of the universe before the beginning. As with the Big Bang theory, it can be and may be improved upon as time goes on. I also believe that the same evidence that may serve to prove the Big Bang theory may also serve to prove my hypothesis. The evidence is not wrong, they are scientific methods that have been conducted over and over only to come to the same conclusion. The evidence is entirely correct; I maintain that the conclusion that the evidence is attributed to is wrong. Cosmic Background Radiation would be expected in the Nothing Universe Theory. This large explosion of our universe within the nothing universe would leave this background radiation behind. The fact that the universe is still expanding today also fits within my Nothing Universe model. It also provides a possible explanation for why our universe is accelerating outward and not slowing down. Since the reaction is still occurring in the farthest reaches of space, the center of our universe would be moving slower than the outer reaches of our universe. So, when we look further out the faster things are moving outward. The Nothing Universe also accounts for the distribution of elements in our universe. After the event we were left with large quantities of protons and electrons. These particles came together to form hydrogen. Hydrogen formed stars and gave rise to helium, the second most abundant element in our universe. Finally, the evolution and distribution of matter can also be accounted for by the Nothing Universe theory. Large clouds of hydrogen came together to form stars. Helium and higher elements are formed. All the while these stars a clustered together into galaxies based upon distance and distribution. Given enough time we end up with our current state of the universe. THE BIG BANG THEORY IS ACCEPTED BASED UPON CRITERIA THAT I HAVE OUTLINED AND SHOWN TO ALSO SUPPORT THE NOTHING UNIVERSE THEORY. The only logical conclusion would be that it, at the very least; be allowed to stand on equal ground with the Big Bang Theory.

Possibilities

Throughout this paper I put forth many possibilities as to how events may have played out when the universe was created according to Nothing Universe Theory. I have done so, because it would be irresponsible for me to present only one concrete set of events. Room must be left when considering a theory that deals with the creation of the Universe. In the case of Nothing Theory I had to first consider the overall sequence of events, and then try to convey how those events played out. Along with this, I had to also consider all of the many possibilities that may have taken place during each critical step in the theory. I believe that I have done so while still conveying the overall theme of the theory. That being said the following is the outline, as I see it, for the Nothing Universe Theory. Possibilities not included.

The Nothing Universe exists composed entirely of Nothing Atoms. No free energy exists in this Nothing Universe, and free space is limited to the micro spaces between the arrangement of this sea of atoms.
One of the three sub atomic forces (Strong Nuclear, Weak Nuclear, Electrostatic) shifted and destabilized one Nothing Atom. This destabilization caused the Event and led to the Creation Wave. The creation wave is a wall of energy expanding outward from the point of the Event and is traveling faster than the speed of light.
Matter particles remained in our universe while anti matter particles entered the anti matter universe. These are two dimensions that now exist after only one dimension had previously existed.
Protons and electrons came together to form hydrogen.
Hydrogen compressed to form stars. Within these stars other elements were made in smaller quantities. Over time these higher energy elements formed the planets, moons, comets, and other non star objects in our universe.
Galaxies form and within these galaxies solar systems form, and within one of these solar systems the earth was forming. On this planet amino acids formed protein, eventually leading to the first simple cells. From their life continued to evolve.
Fast forward 3.3 billion years and we have life as it exists today. Life that exists within a universe that sprang forth from the Nothing Universe.

Dennis James Huff 2008

I own and operate thebuynsell.com. In my spare time i like to write articles based up on topics of interest to me. I find Scientific topics, Social issues, and phylisophical topics are the three main topics i like to write about.

Chiang Mai University Online Tefl Course

admin — Thu, 09 Jul 2009 06:35:19 +0000

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